The Fair Principles and Practices¶
The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship [WDA+16] were developed as guidelines to improve the Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability of digital assets; all of which support research reproducibility. Even though the FAIR principles have been defined to allow machines to find and use digital objects automatically, they improve the reusability of data by humans as well. The capacity of computational systems to find, access, interoperate, and reuse data, with none or minimal human intervention, is essential in today’s data-driven era, where humans increasingly rely on computational support to deal with data as a result of the increase in volume, velocity and variety.
Theory¶
Here is a simple overview of what the FAIR principles recommend. In brief, data should be:
Findable: The first step in (re)using data is to find them, and descriptive metadata is essential.
F1. (Meta)data should be assigned a globally unique and persistent identifier.
F2. Data should be described with rich metadata (defined by R1 below).
F3. Metadata should clearly and explicitly include the identifier of the data they describe.
F4. (Meta)data should be registered or indexed in a searchable resource.
Accessible: To get data, one needs to know if authentication and authorisation are necessary, or if data is open with no restrictions.
A1. (Meta)data should be retrievable by their identifier using a standardised communications protocol.
A1.1 The protocol should be open, free, and universally implementable.
A1.2 The protocol should allow for an authentication and authorisation procedure, where necessary.
A2. Metadata should be accessible, even when the data are no longer available.
Interoperable: Data needs to be integrated with other data and interoperate with applications or workflows.
I1. (Meta)data should use a formal, accessible, shared, and broadly applicable language for knowledge representation.
I2. (Meta)data should use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles.
I3. (Meta)data should include qualified references to other (meta)data.
Reusable: Data should be well-described so that they can be used or replicated in different settings.
R1. Meta(data) should be richly described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attributes.
R1.1. (Meta)data should be released with a clear and accessible data usage license.
R1.2. (Meta)data should be associated with detailed provenance.
R1.3. (Meta)data should meet domain-relevant community standards.
It is important to stress that making data ‘FAIR’ is not the same as making it ‘open’ (as the accessibility principle clearly explains). Data should be as open as possible, and as closed as necessary.
The FAIR principles refer to three types of entities: data (as any digital object), metadata (information about that digital object), and infrastructure (such as software, repositories). For instance, the findability principle, F4, recommends that both metadata and data should be registered or indexed in a searchable resource (for example, a data repository). The FAIR principles are also applied to software and projects. Where the data and software are both FAIR, the research is more likely to be reproducible.
It is much easier to make data FAIR if you plan to do this from the beginning of your research project. One way to do this is to create a Data Management Plan (DMP), in DMPonline or just as a text file, to help you think through how to manage your data. The DMP should include information on data creation (volume, formats/types and workflows), data use (where the raw or ‘live’ data is being stored), data publication, and data archiving at the end of the project (long-term data storage, or what data is ‘kept’ at the end of a project). DMPs should also regularly be updated as the research project progresses or diverge from the initial design.
Tools and Indicators¶
Although started by a community operating in the life science, the FAIR principles have rapidly been adopted by publishers, funders, and pan-disciplinary infrastructure programmes and societies. Many groups and organisation are working to define guidance and tools to help researchers, and other stakeholders (like librarians, funders, publishers, and trainers) make data FAIR and assess its FAIRness level.
This rapid uptake and community involvement, however, has also caused some confusion and ambiguity on what FAIRness is and how we can measure it. It is important to say that the FAIR principles are aspirational, in that they do not strictly define how to achieve a state of FAIRness, but rather describe a continuum of features, attributes, and behaviours that will move a digital resource closer to that goal.
Listing all efforts working in and around FAIRness is practically impossible, as this is a fast-moving, disperse and diverse field. Nevertheless, if you are interested in following the discussion or participate in it, here are two global and international initiatives that act as umbrella organizations and reference points for many discipline-specific efforts: GOFAIR and the Research Data Alliance (RDA). Under GOFAIR, there are many Implementation Networks (INs) committed to implementing elements of the Internet of FAIR Data and Services within the three pillars: GO Build (Technology), GO Change (Culture) and GO Train (Training). Under the RDA, there are several groups tackling different aspects relevant to the RDM life cycle. Among these, one group is reviewing existing efforts, building on them to define a standard set of common assessment criteria for the evaluation of FAIRness.
Metadata and Identifiers - Community Standards¶
Metadata (to describe and report the data) and unique persistent identifiers (to cite and reference data) are the two pillars of the FAIR principles. The use of community-defined standards for metadata and identifiers is vital for high-quality, reproducible research, and integrative analysis and comparison of heterogeneous data from multiple sources, domains and disciplines. However, there is much work in progress, and metadata standards are discipline-specific, or specific to a given digital object. You need to know what these are and which ones are relevant to your data type in order to mention them in your DMP and use them.
You can use FAIRsharing as a lookup resource to identify and cite the metadata or identifier schemas, databases or repositories that exist for your data and discipline. This resource can be useful when creating a data management plan for a grant proposal or funded project or when submitting a manuscript to a journal, for example. It can be used to identify the recommended databases and repositories, as well as the standards they implement to ensure all relevant information about the data is collected at the source. FAIRsharing also operates under GO FAIR and the RDA and is widely adopted by publishers, funders, and other organizations. Like any other FAIR-enabling resources, it will continue to evolve, better linking to DMP and FAIRness assessment tools, to better help you making data FAIR a reality.